Research context and placement

Modulus control, limited swelling and viscoelasticity address tissue mismatch; Fig. 4 and Methods 2.7–2.9 directly evaluate the porcine-skin interface and adhesion. CNT conduction and stretchable sensing form the secondary routing connection.

Hydrogel inks for 3D-printed soft electronics

A printable hydrogel must flow during deposition, retain its shape afterward and follow skin movement in use. Electrical sensing adds a conductive-path requirement. THIN adjusts a common polymer network with different functional additions rather than fixing one composition for every task.

Approach and advances

In the PVA/tannic-acid/PAA network, THIN-X uses XLG nanoclay for physical interactions and mechanical/shape control. THIN-C uses functionalized carbon nanotubes for conduction, with mechanical effects as well. Filler changes therefore need not improve conductivity, strength and stretchability simultaneously.

A nozzle prints a dark hydrogel path with curved CNT symbols onto a pale hydrogel support containing platelet symbols.
AI-generated concept diagram · not an experimental image

AI-generated printing concept separating a nanoclay-containing THIN-X support from a functionalized-CNT-containing THIN-C conductive path. Formulation, filler distribution, device geometry and recovery performance are not reproduced.

Gray plates and short curves symbolize nanoclay and CNTs. They do not measure size, loading, orientation, dispersion or a percolating network. Transparency exposes conceptual internal roles; skin adhesion and whole-device repair are not implied.

This is not a reproduced paper figure and does not establish permission to reuse the original figure.

Generated in ChatGPT on the web from concepts in a public paper and checked for conceptual consistency within the selected main-text reading and stated independent-review scope. This does not claim a complete main-text or supplement audit. Display processing is limited to WebP encoding, without cropping or content editing.

Source paper ↗ · DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116257 ↗

Evaluation and conditions

Rheology addresses extrusion and shape retention, mechanical tests address deformation, and resistance measurements address sensing. Porcine-skin adhesion is another endpoint. Adhesion involving additional NHS functionalization should not be assigned indiscriminately to every base formulation.

Key findings

After five minutes of rejoining cut THIN-X, fracture stress and the stress–strain response were reported to return to initial levels. Separation away from the rejoined interface further supports the dynamic-bond recovery mechanism. This mechanical result does not establish simultaneous repair of wiring, skin adhesion or an entire printed device.

Limits and open questions

Comparisons need nozzle/path conditions, hydration, specimen dimensions and electrode layout. Repeated-use changes in water content and attachment remain follow-up questions. The inspected experiments do not establish long-term human use or clinical-grade sensing.

Related external research

3D printing of conducting polymers

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15316-7 ↗

Yuk prints intrinsically conducting PEDOT:PSS structures and neural electrodes; THIN tunes a CNT-filled hydrogel network.

Conduction and hydration differ, so conductivity alone cannot rank them. External printing, properties and device sections were read.

Full text checked

Corresponding-author verification

Jungmok Seo: corresponding author

This record concerns Jungmok Seo’s correspondence designation. Author order or an asterisk alone is not treated as confirmation; this check is separate from verification of the research content.

  • Correspondence evidence source ↗

    * Corresponding author. ** Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [redacted] (K. Park), [redacted] (J. Seo).

    Published PDF page 1: correspondence/author information; title and DOI page 1 · local_published_pdf_read

Main-text review scope
Publisher retrieval returned 403 and PubMed metadata was cross-checked. Read local published PDF Methods §2.7–2.9, Results §3–4, Fig. 4, Conclusion and pp. 3–8 on THIN-X/THIN-C roles. This is not a complete SI audit.
Supplementary review scope
Supporting information was not comprehensively read. A main-text citation to supplementary results does not count as direct inspection of those results.
Pending verification
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956566324002628 returned 403. Verify supplementary and prolonged-exposure evidence at school.

COVERAGE & OUTREACH

Coverage and outreach

Links are checked for their relationship to this paper. Media publication does not establish independent reporting or additional experimental validation.

No related outreach link was verified against its body within these searches. This does not establish that none exists.

Channel coverage and search log for all 101 records →

Sources and verification scope

Publisher retrieval returned 403 and PubMed metadata was cross-checked. Read local published PDF Methods §2.7–2.9, Results §3–4, Fig. 4, Conclusion and pp. 3–8 on THIN-X/THIN-C roles. This is not a complete SI audit.

The additional commentary is editorially approved within the stated evidence scope. This does not imply complete verification of all main-text and supplementary material.

Additional main-text review scope
Publisher retrieval returned 403 and PubMed metadata was cross-checked. Read local published PDF Methods §2.7–2.9, Results §3–4, Fig. 4, Conclusion and pp. 3–8 on THIN-X/THIN-C roles. This is not a complete SI audit.
Additional supplementary review scope
Supporting information was not comprehensively read. A main-text citation to supplementary results does not count as direct inspection of those results.