Soft substrate–interconnect interface. Classification centers on patterning, attachment to the substrate and electrical continuity during deformation.
Wearable and soft electronics need to carry signals and power as they move. This theme explores electrical pathways made from liquid metals, conductive fibers and hydrogels, and the relationship between deformation and electrical behavior. Sensing electrodes and interconnects are discussed according to their different purposes.
A stretchable conductor and a reliable component junction answer different design questions. The review of soft-circuit-to-IC packaging connects bulk electrical behavior to contact resistance, pad spacing and repeated loading at the junction.
Ways to pattern and connect materials such as liquid metals into electrodes and interconnects.
Advanced Science, e78062 (2026), Early View
PVA-modified liquid-metal particle ink that conducts as sprayed, giving 1.5 × 10^6 S m−1 without post-treatment and continuity beyond 200% strain.
Industrial Chemistry & Materials, 2(3), 361-377 (2024)
A review of liquid-based conductors, liquid-infused encapsulation and liquid-based adhesives for bioelectronics, with the reported limits of each material type.
Advanced Functional Materials, 34(31), 2311696 (2024)
Stretchable liquid-metal electrodes coated with rGO-wrapped EGaIn particles resolved ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid peaks after 200 cycles of 30% strain.
Fibers and soft materials used for electrical connections, sensing and electrodes.
International Journal of Bioprinting, 9(5), 765 (2023)
A 3D-printable PVA/tannic acid/PAA hydrogel ink printed at about 100 μm resolution; with 6 mg/mL CNT it reached ~0.95 S/m and regained conduction after cutting.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10 (42), 36094-36101 (2018)
A Kevlar fiber coated with a silver nanoparticle-SBS composite and a fluorinated monolayer kept 0.11-0.28 Ω/cm after 20 washes and repelled water and stains.
ACS Nano, 12(5), 4259-4268 (2018)
Ag nanoparticles grown inside a multifilament elastic fiber gave a strain sensor with a gauge factor of about 9.3 × 10^5 and a 450% sensing range on first stretch.
Journal of Semiconductors, 39 (1), 011009 (2018)
Review of hybrid microfibers with carbon and metal nanomaterials and hydrogels for textile electronics, pressure sensors, biosensors and tissue engineering.
Advanced Functional Materials, 25 (21), 3114-3121 (2015)
Silver nanowires inside wet-spun SBS fibres bridged silver nanoparticle networks, keeping conduction up to 220% strain; a five-fibre glove read sign letters.
Advanced Materials, 27 (15), 2433-2439 (2015)
Kevlar fibres with Ag nanoparticles in SBS, coated with PDMS and crossed, formed a textile capacitive pressure sensor with 0.21 kPa−1 sensitivity below 2 kPa.
Flexible supports that carry or incorporate conductive materials.
ChemNanoMat, 5(6), 729-737 (2019)
PEDOT polymerized inside rubbery electrospun fiber mats gave about 5 S/cm, resistance that tracked stretching and finger bending, and cardiac cell support.
A provisional grouping for foundational materials or processes that may connect to this theme. It does not establish theme fit; each paper retains a rationale and ambiguity flag.
NPG Asia Materials, 8(4), e262 (2016)
Palladium nanoparticles grown by a galvanic displacement reaction decorated defects in CVD graphene, lowering sheet resistance from about 1 kΩ/sq to 173 Ω/sq.
Applied Surface Science, 344, 52-56 (2015)
Graphene transistors under 5, 10 and 15 MeV protons showed vacancy defects at 5 and 10 MeV but mainly sp3-type Raman signals and a flat Dirac region at 15 MeV.
Scientific Reports, 5, 12306 (2015)
Oxide-free silicon reduced graphene oxide without added reductants: nanosheets raised C/O from 2.12 to about 9.32, and films on etched wafers had 3.54 KΩ/sq.
Thin Solid Films, 519 (2), 823-828 (2010)
Thermally pre-strained PDMS buckled 270 nm amorphous silicon films into wavy, random and herringbone wrinkles; 1D and random amplitudes matched c-Si models.